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Eastern Question
The "Eastern Question", in European history, encompasses the diplomatic and political problems posed by the Ottoman Empire, (often characterized at the time as the "Sick man of Europe"), as its political control over the Balkans weakened over time. This gave rise to national aspirations (especially in Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and the rest of the Balkans), and the goal of the Russians to dominate the Balkans. The expression does not apply to any one particular problem, but instead includes a variety of issues raised during the 18th, 19th & 20th centuries, including instability in the European territories of the Ottoman Empire.〔Michael S. Anderson, ''The Eastern Question, 1774–1923: A Study in International Relations'' (1966)〕
The Eastern Question is normally dated to 1774, when the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) ended in defeat for the Ottomans. As the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire was believed to be imminent, the European powers engaged in a power struggle to safeguard their military, strategic and commercial interests in the Ottoman domains. Imperial Russia stood to benefit from the decline of the Ottoman Empire; on the other hand, Austria-Hungary and Great Britain deemed the preservation of the Empire to be in their best interests. The Eastern Question was put to rest after World War I, one of the outcomes of which was the collapse and division of the Ottoman holdings.
==Background==
(詳細はBattle of Vienna to the combined forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Austria, under the command of John III Sobieski. Peace was made much later, in 1699, with the Treaty of Karlowitz, which forced the Ottoman Empire to cede many of its Central European possessions, including those portions of Hungary which it had occupied. Its westward expansion arrested, the Ottoman Empire never again posed a serious threat to Austria, which became the dominant power in its region of Europe. The Eastern Question did not truly develop until the Russo-Turkish Wars of the 18th century.
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